People with synesthesia have unusual, elicited experiences so, for example, numbers may elicit colors and words may elicit taste. Study 2 assessed the external validity of these clusters by showing that they predict performance on other measures known to be linked to synesthesia. We speculate that modulatory feedback pathways from the concurrent to inducers may play a key role in the emergence of synesthesia. Clusters tended to be distinguished by shared concurrent experiences rather than shared triggering stimuli (inducers). Moreover, we observed a “snowball effect” whereby the chances of having a given cluster of synesthesia go up in proportion to the number of other clusters a person has (again suggesting non-independence). There was a residual positive correlation between clusters (they tend to associate rather than compete). Clustering and factor analysis methods identified around seven coherent groupings of synesthesia, as well as showing that some common types of synesthesia do not fall into any grouping at all (mirror-touch, hearing-motion, tickertape). Study 1 analyses data from a large sample of self-referred synesthetes ( N = 2,925), who answered a questionnaire about N = 164 potential types of synesthesia. It is unclear whether synesthesia is one condition or many, and this has implications for whether theories should postulate a single cause or multiple independent causes. Simner, who co-authored the childhood grapheme-colour study, postulates that a higher percentage of children than adults have synesthesia, but that some grow out of it by adolescence as abundant childhood brain connections are slowly pruned away.All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS But interestingly, three children who were synesthetes at age six or seven no longer saw coloured letters and numbers at age 10, demonstrating that synesthesia can disappear over time. In most cases, the older the children got, the more fixed their colour associations became-at age six, only 34 percent of associations were fixed, whereas a year later, 48 percent were fixed, and at age 10, that number rose to 71 percent. In the first long-term childhood study on grapheme-colour synesthesia (the type in which letters and numbers appear coloured), researchers at the University of Edinburgh, in Scotland, followed 80 synesthetes from the time they were six until they were 10 years old, testing them three times to find out when and how these associations between symbols and colours develop.
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